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Nov 08, 2023

India’s Gopachal Rock

The Indian subcontinent boasts a rich history and is home to some of the world's

The Indian subcontinent boasts a rich history and is home to some of the world's most impressive ancient artworks. Among them are the awe-inspiring Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments, which prompt reflection on how such monumental and intricately detailed carvings were created.

These magnificent statues are situated in the vicinity of the renowned Gwalior Fort in Madhya Pradesh, India. Crafted between the 7th and 15th centuries AD, the sheer scale and complexity of these carvings attest to human perseverance and provide evidence that nothing is impossible when we set our minds to it. Carved directly into the cliff faces, the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments invite us to question the identity of their creators and the reasons behind their construction.

An ancient Jain statue at the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments in India. ( Zzvet / Adobe Stock)

The Gopachal carvings are amongst the prime examples of fabulous Jain art. Jainism is one of the most prominent religions of India, having ancient roots and millions of adherents. Although its exact origins are somewhat obscure, Jainism has historical roots that date back several centuries BC.

The Jain religion is renowned for its magnificent monuments, but the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments at Gwalior Fort are truly exceptional. These intricate carvings are unparalleled in their sheer number and cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

Gwalior Fort, existing since the 6th century AD, is a sprawling and intricate hill fort located in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The lonesome rocky hill on which the fort was erected is called Gopachal - thus the name of the rock-cut Jain monuments found in its cliffs.

Work on these marvelous monuments was likely begun around the 7th century AD, and by the 15th century they had been fully completed. There are nearly 100 Jain monuments in and around Gwalior, making this fortress and city a major hotspot for Jain worshippers and admirers of Jain art.

The Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments showcase Jain Tirthankaras and intricate temple-like decor. ( Public domain )

These rock monuments all depict Tirthankaras in either standing or seated positions. In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a savior and a spiritual teacher of the dharma – meaning the righteous path. In the current time cycle of Jain belief, there are 24 such spiritual teachers.

The Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments depict several revered teachers of the faith, including Parshvanatha (23rd Tirthankara), Neminatha (22nd Tirthankara, who lived 81,000 years before the 23rd), Rishabhanatha (the 1st Tirthankara) and Shri Mahavirasvami (the 24th Tirthankara).

These Tirthankara are either depicted standing in the Kayotsarga posture or seated in the Padmasana posture. All of these rock-cut representations of spiritual teachers of the Jain faith are very large, carved directly into the cliff face, a feat that must have taken decades to complete. The largest of the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments is 14 meters tall (47 feet).

The monuments are situated all around the rock hill upon which sits the Gwalior Fort. They are spread into five separate clusters, each one with a different name and a different group of statues. To the southeast is the Ek Patthar Ki Bawadi group. There are 26 caves here, all in a row, each one containing a colossal statue . Some of the inscriptions found here were positively dated to between 1468 and 1473 AD.

The Trishalagiri group lies to the southwest, where the oldest of the Gopachal monuments are situated. They have been dated to the 6th and 8th centuries AD, during the so-called post Gupta period. Next up is the Urvahi group of monuments, which can be seen from the road running to Gwalior Fort. These are the most visited statues, which bear inscriptions that were dated to 1440–1453 AD.

To the northwest is the group of monuments that is hardest to reach. Called the Naminath Giri group, it bears an inscription dated to 1470 AD, and boasts a majestic statue of Lord Naminath, the twenty-first Tirthankara. The last of the groups lies to the northeast. It is the smallest and least visited of all the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments.

The Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments have not escaped damage over their turbulent history. ( sumit / Adobe Stock)

Sadly, the rock art evidenced at the Gopachal monuments were not able to escape the destruction of the turbulent history of the region. Around 1527, the first Mughal Emperor in India, Babur, ordered their complete destruction due to his Muslim beliefs, viewing Jainism as a heretical religion. While it is nearly impossible to completely destroy such massive structures, the colossi at Gopachal were severely damaged, defaced and desecrated as a result.

After several centuries, however, Jain worshippers painstakingly restored the defaced sculptures, recreating their faces from stucco and protecting those statues that were left pristine. The northwestern group of monuments, being the most inaccessible, were spared from the destructive orders of Emperor Babur. The statues in this area remain in pristine condition to this day, making them particularly valuable and significant.

Today, the Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments are revered as one of the greatest treasures of Jainism and stand as a vital component of India's cultural heritage. For visitors to Madhya Pradesh, this cultural hotspot is not to be missed. Witnessing the colossal statues, carved directly from the rocky cliffs, can leave a profound and life-changing impression on any traveler.

Top image: The awe-inspiring Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments in Madhya Pradesh, India. Source: sumit / Adobe Stock

By Aleksa Vučković

Burgess, J. 2013. The Cave Temples of India . Cambridge University Press.

Granoff, P. 2006. Mountains of Eternity: Raidhū and the Colossal Jinas of Gwalior . Firenze University Press.

Titze, K. and Bruhn, K. 1998. Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence . New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.